A critical review of the role of coordinated sport science Essays

A critical review of the role of coordinated sport science Essays A critical review of the role of coordinated sport science Essay A critical review of the role of coordinated sport science Essay A critical review of the role of coordinated sports science support and its importance to elite level performance Sport today has changed greatly from 40 years ago where love for the sport and intrinsic rewards were the main motivations (Green Holmium, 2010). In the present day with mass exposure and popularity of elite level sport along with big financial rewards and losses at the highest levels (Yardman Jones, 2011), and increased level of performance in sport (Collins, Moore, Mitchell Lappers, 1999) coaches are under pressure to deliver successful performance results (Richardson, Anderson Morris, 2008). With this level of investment and interest from the masses, fulfillment professional careers for athletes have been created who dedicate their lives to their sports, putting their bodies and minds on the line and increasing risk of negative health effects (Handstand Wadding, 2009). According to Pipe (2001), it is sport coaches and sport science support (ASS) responsibility to act as an athletes advocate and reduce these negative health effects, protecting their health and well-being. Southeast (2012) highlighted that margins between podium places are getting narrower and the increased need to look at all options to find improvements, squiring specialist sport science skills to be able to measure, interpret and improve particular areas. This pressure from dedication levels of athletes, financial rewards/ loses, smaller winning margins and exposure by the media and the public that stresses the importance of the athlete receiving the most thorough and professional service possible. To provide this service, coaches and sporting organizations are increasingly seeking ASS (Lees, 2003; Collins et al. 1999), and ultimately enhancing athletic performance (Williams Kendal, 2007; Hooper, 2006). Due to the above- mentioned issues it is essential to consider the most efficient and effective way for coordinated ASS to work, however with coordinated ASS certain issues may arise having negative effects of athletic performance and athlete well-being (Collins et al. , 1999). In the following text the author will, define and critique the different coordinated ASS approaches, review the issues and areas that may impede efficiency and finally conclude and provide recommendations for the application of coordinated sports science support. An interdisciplinary approach is where a number of sport science personnel (SSP) room different areas of sport science integrate and work together in a coordinated manner to problem solve (Burrito, Moore Wilkinson, 1994). Elite level sport is based upon a number of multi-factorial variables (Meyers, Laurent, 2010) that can be measured, analyses, interpreted and ultimately manipulated to promote increased performance. Interdisciplinary ASS can produce a vast range of in depth information and data (Knudsen, 2011), which in turn means that appropriate and specific training regimes and strategies can be implemented in order to increase performance coaching team must have knowledge of how different variables inter-link and be able to consider how manipulation of one variable may affect another. For example the use of a head guard in boxing from a biomedical perspective would have a positive effect because it would decrease punch force however from a psychologists perspective this could grant a false sense of security, having a negative effect (Burrito et al. , 1994). As well as being able to interpret these risk and benefits the coaching team must be able to assess their significance, priorities and contextual in order to Justify implementation of manipulations (BASES, [n. ]). An interdisciplinary ASS approach requires a number of team-wide skills in order for it to be successful, they are; Bridge building the linking of knowledge from different spinelessness, Restructuring methodologies, theories and practices transferred into different spinelessness and Integration the application of a number of spinelessness (BASES, [n. D. ]), without these skills a support team would move towards a multidisciplinary approach. Multidisciplinary is defined by Burrito et al (1994) as a number of SSP working in parallel rather than in symbiosis, Corner (2010) supports this and adds that each SSP as a clear role definition, specific task and hierarchical lines of authority. Within Interdisciplinary approach there is little or no communication among each susceptible, as a result there is little overlap (Corner, 2010), which means SSP from a particular discipline may be unaware of detrimental effects caused in another discipline when interventions/ strategies are implemented in his field of expertise. Whilst both multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches are products of an input from more than one discipline, the principle difference is the integrative approach of the interdisciplinary sports scientist as opposed to scientists working in parallel often associated with multidisciplinary (Dandles, 2011). Interdisciplinary approach is having a single sub discipline that works in isolation to the other sub disciplines; interdisciplinary approaches are often undertaken during research, but are not always appropriate when holistic athlete centered approach is desired (Burrito et al. , 1994; BASES , [n. D. ]). Interdisciplinary approach is similar to multidisciplinary in that it has no or little overlap between disciplines, reducing role conflict to an extent. Another benefit as noted by Jones (2006) is that each specific aspect of sport science can be taken into account and can be assessed in a thorough manner. The main difference between interdisciplinary and other approaches is that because the SSP work in relative isolation to the others alliances and allegiances tend not to be as prevalent. These alliances and allegiances can produce subgroups and isolates, decreasing productivity (Slinkier et al. , 2012). Therefore, Reid et al. 2004) suggested an optimum group number should be five or less to maintain the best mix of commitment and collaboration. Within all of these approaches there exist a number of possible issues that may increase athlete stress and in turn decrease athletic performance, this section will look at some of these issues. Fletcher, Wanton Mealier (2006) identified fi ve performers: factors intrinsic to the sport (e. G. Training schedules); roles in the sport organization (e. G. Lack of role acceptance); sport relationships and interpersonal demands (e. G. Conflicts with coaching staff; athletic career and performance development issues (e. . Selection); and organizational structure and climate of the sport (e. G. Result vs. Placement focus), all of which can be influenced by ASS. Within all teams, particularly at an elite level there are substantial organizational and team dynamics (Collins et al. , 1999), an understanding of these dynamics are crucial for most effective work (Arnold, Moore Burrito, 1998). Figure 1 shows the organization of most elite level support teams, the dashed line is knows as the us and them divide with anyone above the line having or perceived to be having power to influence selection (Collins et al. 1999). Anyone above this line with perceived power and influence will experience high levels of impression management fro m athletes, particularly at elite level where benefits of selection are so high (Leary, 1994). Impression management is altering ones interactions in order to protect or improve ones position and the most common occurrence of impression management is limiting information on the status of and injury/fitness in order to improve chances of selection (Collins et al. , 1999). Some athletes may even take impression management to the next step and exploit certain members of the support team as a naive conduit in order to use their link to and influence on selection in order to improve chance of selection (Collins et al. 1999). Once being identified as on the them side of the us and them divide, SSP will in one way or another receive limited and well managed information, however Leary (1994) notes that this is neither dishonest nor devious but rather is an inevitable feature of group dynamics. Being on the or being perceived to be on the us side of the divide SSP will gain trust and improve SSP athlete relations. However in order to be perceived as on the us side of the line the SSP must work in total confidentiality or they will seem to have influence on selection by passing information onto management and therefore being placed in the them category and experiencing more impression management. Therefore in order to be considered us SSP must regard the athlete as the client and exhibit total confidentiality (Klein et al. 2012). However by maintaining this patient confidentiality the SSP may mean withholding information from management that the athlete does not wish to be disclosed, which could put the SSP reputation and Job at risk, highlighting an issue with patient confidentiality (Collins et al. , 1999). Confidentiality is crucial to the SSP athlete allegations, however if an athlete is unfit to play the SSP may struggle to deal with this issue without breaking confid entiality. SSP also recognize the pressure to divulge information applied by management as they have a responsibility to management as ultimately they pay their wages (Collins et al. , 1999). SSP have varying codes of conduct when it comes to confidentiality; for example traditionally banishments and physiologists share information with coaches, whereas psychologists must protect all psychometric data (Collins et al. , 1999). Depends on their philosophy and will be influenced by whom they see as the client, he athlete or the management. Collins et al. 1994) identified two separate approaches to confidentiality depending on who is regarded as the client; firstly the athlete client approach where the SSP will work in total confidence and only divulge permitted information; and secondly the management client approach where the SSP will field athletes who are fit to partake. Both approaches do however have implications, being management client based and removing an athlete from events technically s tands the SSP liable for causing loss of earnings or restricted trade (Collins et al. , 1994). Being athlete client based causes issues with confidentiality as discussed in the previous paragraph. Contrasting philosophies can cause conflict within a ASS team, for example a SSP who has an athlete centered philosophy may want extended rest period after big competitions whereas a SSP with a result based philosophy may disagree with this and want them back training as soon as possible. This highlights the need to consider philosophy when recruiting SSP into a ASS team in order to reduce conflict, however some may argue that the more qualified the better, regardless of their philosophy. Conflict is a regular and expected consequence of ASS (Collins et al. , 1999; Reid, Stewart Throne, 2004), and is often born from different conclusions of the same problem from different sub disciplines. To avoid this conflict some may support a indiscipline approach, however conflict is often key to making informed, correct Judgments being made to improve athletic performance, furthermore it facilitates SSP self critiquing and questioning of practice (Ride et al. , 2004). The author will now consider ways to combat these afore mentioned issues. Due to each discipline having varying codes of conduct when it comes to confidentiality Collins, et al. , 1999), athletes are often left unsure on information handling procedures and roles (Moore Abbott, 2012) and SSP are left in a difficult position. To combat this all disciplines should have a standardized level of confidentiality through their professional associations, currently only the Charted society of physiotherapy has a cross discipline code of conduct (CUPS, [n. . ]). Athletes should have to sign an athlete charter which presents the scope of data confidentiality and whose interests are being met by each role so that the athlete clearly knows how the information he gives will be used and to what extent it will be confidential (Collins et al. , 1999). In order to reduce conflict within ASS group member philosophies must be considered, however at an elite level it is usually results based, therefore t he most qualified/successful SSP may be employed. ASS group size can also be considered to reduce conflict, but at elite level it is unlikely to reduce the size of the support team, reducing performance, purely to reduce chances of conflict. Although these things can be done to reduce conflict, as pointed out by Ride et al. (2004) some conflict can e a positive. Bigger the group the more conflict (Ride, 2004) an interdisciplinary approach allows for integrated and coordinated problem-solving resulting in a higher quality of collaboration and team performance (Mackinac Rodgers, 2000; Norwalk, 2003). Therefore an interdisciplinary approach must be adopted in order to produce the highest performance levels. Athlete charters and universal codes of conduct should be used to clarify confidentiality levels and reduce issues in this area. Conflict is expected in ASS and some conflict is good however ASS team philosophies should be noninsured in order to reduce it and make sure the entire team has the similar aims. Due to the nature of sport, impression management will always be present, therefore SSP must be aware of this.

The Best Jobs for Recent College Graduates

The Best Jobs for Recent College Graduates it’s rough entering  the job market after college these days, and a rough market regardless. candidates with experience are almost universally privileged in the hiring process. it can take a while to find your opening and grab it. that said, recent grads have the advantage of being (usually) single and flexible. you might consider moving across the country for a job, where someone more entrenched would not. if you’re that flexible, consider the states on this list, by field, where recent grads and gen y-ers will have the best luck getting a great gig.industry: airlinepossible jobs: engineering (aerospace, flight, electrical, mechanical design, etc.), pilot, customer service rep, officer, flight attendant, pricing analystbest place to be: minnesota. younger workers in their  20s  make up a much larger percentage of the work force there, and the median annual salary for employees of this age group wasn’t any lower.industry: ambulatory health carepossible jobs : physical therapy, personal training, dental hygienist, case manager, office manager, pa.best place to be: connecticut, with median salaries for employees under 30 at 21% above the national average.industry: bankingpossible jobs: teller, assistant branch manager, analyst, customer service rep, loan officerbest place to be: utahindustry: beverage and tobacco marketingpossible jobs: account manager, sales manager/rep, event coordinator, financial analyst, designer, marketing managerbest place to be: new york. try first at pepsico and phillip morris.industry: broadcasting (tv/radio)possible jobs: account executive, advertising film/video editor, graphic artist/designer, reporter, producer-director, radio show host, etc.best place to be: new york. try: viacom, cbs, nbc, abc, fox, turner broadcasting, or mtv.industry: clothing and accessoriespossible jobs: assistant buyer, designer, assistant designer, retail department manager, graphic artist/designer, retail salesbest place to be: new yorkindustry: computer and electronic manufacturingpossible jobs: electrical or mechanical engineer, film/video editor, graphic artist/designer, software developer/programmerbest place to be: virginia. try qimonda, micron technology, and genesic.industry: constructionpossible jobs: manager, commercial estimator, marketing coordinator, project engineer, staff accountantbest place to be: washington,  d.c.industry: educationpossible jobs: admissions counselor, elementary school teacher, financial aid counselor, high school teacher, non-profit program coordinator, special education teacher, teacher’s assistantbest place to be: washington,  d.c.industry: electrical, appliance, and component equipment manufacturingpossible jobs: account manager, sales, customer service rep, electrical or mechanical or manufacturing engineer, inside sales rep, operations manager, outside sales rep, sales engineerbest place to be: new jersey. try tyco, cn burman, sea gull, and griffith electric supply.industry: executive, legislative, and other general government supportpossible jobs: accountant, administrative assistant, auditor, cpa, financial or intelligence analyst, senior tax accountant, software engineer, developer/programmer, staff accountant, data entry specialistbest place to be: washington,  d.c.industry: servicepossible jobs: barista, cashier, supervisor, restaurant manager, marketing, grocery staff accountantbest place to be: new york. the higher-end the place, the better your paycheck.industry: funds, trusts, etc.possible jobs: benefits or business or research analyst, financial/securities/investment analyst, fund accountant, pension administration, staff accountantbest place to be: massachusetts. surprising though it may be. try watson wyatt worldwide, putnam investments, fidelity investments, and harvard management first.industry: heavy and civil engineering constructionpossible jobs: accountant, administrative assistant, civil engineer, financial analyst, mechanical engineer, petroleum engineer, project engineer, staff accountantbest place to be: utah. try questar!industry: hospitalspossible jobs: rn, medical/clinical laboratory tech, occupational therapist, physical therapist, pabest place to be: nevadaindustry: hotelspossible jobs: assistant general manager, front desk clerk, guest services manager, night auditor, sales manager, shift managerbest place to be: washington,  d.c.industry: internet service providers, web search, and data processingpossible jobs: graphic artist/designer, marketing coordinator, it project manager, web developer, software engineer, web designer developerbest place to be: maryland. try bay broadband communications and comcast.industry: legal services, accounting, and scientific researchpossible jobs: paralegal/legal assistant, certified public accountant (cpa), civil engineer, graphic artist/designer, information technology (it) consultant, interior designer, staff accountantbest place to be: washingto n,  d.c. try booz allen hamilton, corporate executive board, ibm, bearingpoint, accenture, and sra internationalindustry: miscellaneous manufacturingpossible jobs: biomedical or manufacturing or medical device quality engineer, biotech research associatebest place to be: nevada. try international game technology and aristocrat technologies.industry: museums, historic sites, etc.possible jobs: art gallery curator, graphic artist/designer, program coordinator, recreation coordinator, special events coordinator, zookeeperbest place to be: new yorkindustry: national security and international affairspossible jobs: aerospace engineer, contract administrator, electrical engineer, financial or intelligence analyst, mechanical or software engineerbest place to be: massachusetts. try raytheon in waltham and general dynamics in quincy.industry: oil and gas extractionpossible jobs: accountant, chemical engineer, financial analyst, mechanical engineer, oil gas landman, petroleum engineer, an d geologistbest place to be: utah. try questar and chevron. or louisiana as an alternative.industry: online publishingpossible jobs: copy editor, graphic artist/designer, news reporter, software engineer/developer/programmer, web designerbest place to be: new york. try nytimes.com, yahoo!, aol, and fox interactive.industry: performing arts, spectator sports, etc.possible jobs: copy editor, event coordinator, executive assistant, film/video editor, graphic artist/designer, marketing coordinator, producer-director, tv/cable broadcast, special events managerbest place to be: new yorkindustry: pharmaceutical/chemical manufacturingpossible jobs: chemical or mechanical engineer, biotech research associate, research scientist, pharmaceutical sales representativebest place to be: maryland. try otsuka maryland medicinal laboratories, bowles fluidics, and millennium inorganic chemicals.industry: print publishingpossible jobs: assistant editor, copy editor, editorial assistant, graphic artist/ designer, managing editor, marketing coordinator, newspaper reporter, software engineerbest place to be: washingtonindustry: securities, commodity contracts, financial investmentspossible jobs: associate in investment banking, banking analyst, financial/securities/investments analyst, financial adviser, fund accountantbest place to be: new yorkindustry: social workpossible jobs: case manager, child care/day care worker, child, family, or school social worker, director, child care, nanny or au pair preschool teacher, (not special education) program coordinator, nonprofit organization social workerbest place to be: washington,  d.c.industry: sporting goods, hobby, book, and music storespossible jobs: customer service rep, store department manager, graphic artist/designer, inside sales representative, marketing coordinator, retail sales associate/assistant manager/manager, and wholesale and retail buyerbest place to be: new jersey. try toys ‘r’ us, sports authority, hein o’s sky cycle, barnes noble.industry: transportation equipment manufacturingpossible jobs: aerospace engineer, electrical engineer, financial analyst, industrial engineer, manufacturing engineer, manufacturing process engineer, mechanical design engineer, mechanical engineer, product development engineer, automotive senior mechanical engineerbest place to be: maryland. try alcore.

Management Strategies and Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Management Strategies and Practices - Essay Example This paper explores methods available for today’s managers to assist in attracting, motivating, and retaining employees to make a more productive organization. Finding the right individual who can fit the culture of the organization, according to Greengard & Byham (2003), involves hiring based on attitude and the candidate’s perceived ability to relate to customers in a positive manner. The authors further suggest that using this behavioral approach to assessing potential employees can be time consuming, offering the need for multiple interviews in order to make the right assessment. This tends to suggest, despite the efforts required of the hiring manager, that the outcome of these extended efforts will produce the best employee for the job. In actual business practice, research suggests that many managers simply do not have the time to invest in lengthy, multiple interviews due to the demands of a competitive business environment (Nickels, McHugh & McHugh, 2005). However, it might be a logical assessment that making the effort, despite the difficulties due to increasing business pressure, would far outweigh any minor interruptions to regular business operations when the outcome is a quality employee who may remain loyal to the firm for years. Of interest to the concept of motivating employees is recognizing a theory of management proposed by Douglas McGregor: Theory X and Theory Y. Offering a brief definition, Theory X basically proposes that people are lazy by design, thus without management intervention they would not accomplish their tasks (Gallas). Theory Y, in opposite accord, suggests that employees, if they are nurtured to succeed, will work diligently toward assisting the organization (Gallas). Companies which direct employee activities using the Theory Y approach, in most instances, will likely receive a better end

Case Study Counselor Recommendation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Counselor Recommendation - Case Study Example According to their comments, I predict future conflicts and misunderstanding among them and the parents will find a hard time to make the children live together amicably. The positive thing that is evident in the new family is that every family member is optimistic that everything will go well and the family will be strong. They all have accepted to give it a chance and see whether the new family overcomes the future challenges and difficulties (Knox & Schacht, 2013). The things that the family will need to improve on include; playing ones role and averting conflicts. They should not be worried on the challenges that will come, but find credible ways of solving the tribulations that might arise. In utilizing the lessons learnt from the case study, terminal course objectives and threaded discussions in the family, it is significant to note that innumerable couples prefer cohabitation to marriage. This is because of the economic and emotional trauma from the preceding divorce, which af fects them mentally. It is established that parents given custody of the children by the family court are the ones involved in remarriage (Knox & Schacht, 2013). These parents always lack moral support and face economical impenetrability; hence, they always look for someone or a place to comfort. In this case, the family has to understand and accept the common argument that states that a stepparent will never be as good as a real parent. Hence, the Rose and Jason have to understand that in stepfamilies, the issues of biological parent will always be somewhere in the picture. For this reason, the parents have to teach the kids to accept the change and learn to be corrected and accept them as... In utilizing the lessons learnt from the case study, terminal course objectives and threaded discussions in the family, it is significant to note that innumerable couples prefer cohabitation to marriage. This is because of the economic and emotional trauma from the preceding divorce, which affects them mentally. It is established that parents given custody of the children by the family court are the ones involved in remarriage. These parents always lack moral support and face economical impenetrability; hence, they always look for someone or a place to comfort. In this case, the family has to understand and accept the common argument that states that a stepparent will never be as good as a real parent. Hence, the Rose and Jason have to understand that in stepfamilies, the issues of biological parent will always be somewhere in the picture. For this reason, the parents have to teach the kids to accept the change and learn to be corrected and accept them as parents. They have to accept correction by their stepparent and listen to his/her advice before making any judgments.

The US Exports Alot of Electronic Waste to Poorer Countries Essay

The US Exports Alot of Electronic Waste to Poorer Countries - Essay Example e, developing countries, well aware of involved environmental and health hazards, continue to import e-waste partly for cash, partly for reuse and /or recycling, and partly for acquiring "latest" technology at affordable prices. The United States, who refused so far to ratify Basel Convention, remains worlds biggest e-waste producer. China, India, Ghana, and Nigeria come at the receiving end. There has been efforts in the United States in order to impose stricter regulations on manufacturers of electronic products, especially given existing lax regulations overseen by Environmental Protection Agency. One such effort is a legistlation by Congressman Mike Thomson, notwithstanding criticisms. Aside from illegality of dumping e-waste on developing nations, European countries have, at least in theory, much more stricter rules and regulations on e-waste exportation comapred to the United States. A range of possible solutions has been proposed by non-for-profits, most prominently, Basel Action Network, a Seattle-based environmental group, as well as by experts in electronics manufacturing. Among solutions are suggestions to impose and enforce stricter regulations on e-waste products and to create-waste recycling programs (such as Dell and Apple did) in order to ensure a products lifecycle is managed in accordance with international environmental, health and safety

The Use Of Information Technology In Airline Industry Management Essay

The Use Of Information Technology In Airline Industry Management Essay As the airline industry has become more competitive, carriers have looked to improve performance and competitiveness. MartÄ ±n-Consuegra (2007) In previous chapters we investigate Time Series analysis of airlines industry and estimated the service separately and jointly. Aksoy(2003) argue that in service industries such as airlines, a major requirement for success is understanding and satisfying customer needs and expectations, creating, communicating and delivering customer value. Thus in this Chapter we check our SITA data includes evolution of self-service, along with the rise of mobile technology, which will increase workforce efficiency and enhance passenger processing. IT implementation research in airlines structure. The reinforcement of e-business activity in airlines has resulted in an increase of sales volume for airlines websites and a decrease for the traditional distribution channels. Moon (2006) In this segment we analyze SITA data includes evolution of self-service, along with the rise of mobile technology, which increases workforce efficiency and enhance passenger processing. Airline Business(2009) The data describes IT implementation between 2001 till 2009 alike our IATA research time investigation. IT and Telecommunication Societe Internationale de Telecommunications Aeronautiques (SITA) data base enables us to investigate the policy and IT trends of Airlines. We use SITA data bank provides a benchmark against which individual airlines and the industry as a whole can measure success in meeting the challenges presented by IT and internet revolution. SITA is multinational information Technology Company specializing in providing IT and telecommunication services to the Aviation Industry, and it is most comprehensive research of its kind. Table 5.1 Airlines IT and telecommunication spend  [1]   Year Average Weighted average 2009 1.75% 1.74% 2008 2.20% 2.18% 2007 1.95% 2.07% 2006 1.85% 2.19% 2005 1.92% 2.27% 2004 2.13% 2.47% 2003 2.36% 2.85% 2002 2.25% 2.59% 2001 2.82% 3.44% Above Table 5.1 indicates IT and telecommunication spend as a percentage of 116 airlines revenue. We presume that much of the first nine years of 21st century spent on IT trends to decrease revenue percent assign for new technology investment. In 2001 the weighted average spent for IT was almost two times bigger than in 2009. The reason for this are: rising fuel prices, financial crisis, terrorist attacks and other important factors often caused changes in forecast of industry financial performance. Instead of the expected profit, Air Transport Association of America (ATA), an organization connected with the largest airlines in the U.S., announced that in March 2009 due to financial crisis passenger traffic was 10% lower than a year before. Thus, our main research questions goal is to investigate the problems faced by the airline industry, and try to find optimal solutions on how international air transportation system can cope with 21century watershed. Nowadays, IT technology deals mainly with passenger transportation support, and goods transportation is somewhat neglected. To reveal strong connection between IT technology investment and development of airline companies we expose Figure 5.1 indicates Average of Passenger transportation of main 160 airlines for the same period as in table 5.1 between January 2001 and April 2009. Between Feb2001 and Feb2002 during terrorist attack effect compared with the Average Passenger Transportation issue perspective, RPK shrunk by 180000 (A ). At the same time Airlines IT and telecommunication spend diminished by o.85%. Moreover, during 12 months of Financial A B Figure 5.1 Terrorist attack and Financial Crisis effect for Average Passenger Transportation of 160 major airlines Source: IATA 2009 airlines data reported by carriers at the time of publication. (SAS)  [2]   Crisis between Feb2008 and Feb2009 Average Passenger Transportation decreased by B=80000 RPK. Similarly, in 2009 airlines IT and telecommunication spend 0.44% les of weighted Average than in 2008. That implies that annual revenue Passenger kilometers significantly impacts Airlines IT and telecommunication expenditure. After FC and another budget inconstancy main managers of air transportation companies are more reluctant to invest in Information Technology systems. The main obstacle to improve IT structure and solutions is lack of investment caused by financial instability. Nevertheless we argue that New Technology outlay is going to bring a profit for air companies and makes them more rival at the market. Pagiavlas et al. (2005) in his paper analyzes mobile business in the context of the airline industry as a strategic tool to create a sustainable competitive advantage through the implementation of an effective mobile business model. Nowadays, after reaching around 4.6 billion mobil e cellular subscriptions by the end of 2009, International Telecommunication Union expects the number of mobile cellular subscriptions globally to reach five billion in 2010, driven by advanced services and handsets in developed countries and increased take-up of mobile health services and mobile banking in the developing world. ITU (2010) New technology of mobile phone check-in, e-ticketing, online or wireless connectivity on-board of the aircraft is becoming popular and common offering to airlines passengers self service. Wei (2005) argues that through the expanded use of the internet-based ticketing, airlines are able to reduce labor costs and in some cases eliminate commissions altogether so as to improve profit margins. Hence, main international organizations involve in business programs to lover industry costs and improve Passenger mobile based services. Figure 5.2 Mobile based services to passengers own mobile phones  [3]   Compared with other mobile services issue perspectives in the Figure 5.1 the best developed system already exists in third airlines inform passengers about flight status and delay. Furthermore, optimised webside for mobile phones and payments via mobile phone systems are implemented by every 6th Passenger Transportation company. In contrast, 73% of Airlines has not sent baggage receipts to mobile phones yet, and 71% has not track/direct passengers at the airports with mobile phones. Nevertheless, plans for next two years position majority of responding airlines in the utilization mobile based service area close to the level of 50%. Nothwithstanding, in 2004 International Air Transport Associations set up Simplifying the Business program (StB). Thus, Bar Coded Boarding Passes (BCBP), IATA e-freight, Baggage Improvement and other programs and facilities are available. In the future Fast Travel Program which consists of four projects that the association says will save the airline indus try over US$14 billion each year. IATA(2009) Therefore, in this segment we conclude our analysis of airlines performance and investigate IT investment effects on the profitability, their growth and survival. Since the tragedy in September 2001, the network or legacy carriers have sought ways to improve business values and minimize losses by cutting jobs, eliminating routes, decreasing infrastructure, streamlining production costs, improving customer services, and creating Figure 5.2 Major IT successes in 2009. Source: SITA (2009) a profitable market Will(2004). One of the most effective solutions for increasing business values attracting more customers, and increasing customer satisfaction is to provide Internet-based low-fare air travel tickets Marks (2004), i.e. to sell low-fare air travel tickets and expedite boarding processes through company web sites. Figure 5.2 indicates 2009 IT implementation success of upgrading virtual infrastructure, self service implementation, and on/offline distributions upgrade. Currently, many airlines are utilizing Enterprise Resources Planning systems (ERP) and their own web sites to market and sell their products to current and potential customers. Some airlines also offer discounts to customers who purchase their tickets online Hanke (2003). The main IT success in 2009 was 11% level of E-ticketing implementation, and 9% upgrading of Reservation Inventory System but across the world, 38% of airlines do not provide any mobile services yet, mainly via cellular phones. Hence, as a reason they claim that there is no clear business case yet, although 20 percent currently offer mobile phone check-in. SITA(2009) In Asia current number of issued boarding passes is sent directly to mobile phones as barcoded boarding passes (BCBP) to every third passenger, and it is the best result before Europe (23%) and North America (22%). Figure 5.2 major IT failures of the last 12 months. Source: SITA (2009) Through the expanded use of the internet-based ticketing, airlines are able to reduce labor costs and in some cases eliminate commissions altogether so as to improve profit margins. Wei (2005) Nevertheless, from the perspective of major failures of the last 12 months Figure 5.3 has identified a number of factors that determine adoption problems for IT implementation. Above figure reveals that biggest failure in the last year was implementation delay. Additionally, IT technology infrastructure and virtualization was unable to be upgraded with significant failure value of 9%. Compared regulation compliance, self service implementation and Sourcing of IT providers achieved the same 1% level. Conclusions Airlines representatives due to last financial crisis are much less optimistic in 2009 about their future IT spend. Thus, managers of air transportation companies look for savings in decreasing expenditure and developing passenger self service processes. The main obstacle to improve IT structure and solutions is lack of investment caused by financial instability. In general, as a result airlines market seen of most potential to reduce costs as via own website in through adding additional products. Mobile based services most likely already implemented to passengers own mobile devices are most likely to be notifications of flight status and delays. SITA (2009) argue that around 5% in their sample respondents currently send BCBP to mobile phones (although three quarters do not offers this facility) with 13%anticipating checking in 2012 (with 18% not offering this facility). Eventually, services most likely to be implemented currently to support on board aircraft are to enable to exchang e data and authorized credit card transactions in real time. Eventually, IATA Simplifying the Business (STB) passenger process project accomplished its e-ticket program on June 1, 2008. STB rebuilt the airline industry to 100% e-ticketing during four years. Finally, air transportation companies industry saved the US$3 billion, according to the association. The Economist (2010). Sprawdz to! http://www.iata.org/html_email/NS1001812/NS1001812-full.html

Nuclear Deterrence is the Best Defense Against Nuclear War Essay

Nuclear Deterrence is the Best Defense Against Nuclear War In 1945, a great technological innovation was dropped over Japan, the atomic bomb. Ever since the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the world has faced the threat of nuclear attack. In reaction to this, world governments have been forced to find a defense against nuclear attack. One solution to the danger of nuclear attack is the use of nuclear deterrence. Nuclear deterrence is the possession and launching of nuclear weapons for the sole purpose of defense and retaliation against a nuclear attack from another country. Nuclear deterrence is the best answer to the danger of nuclear war, resulting in world security and the prevention of nuclear war. However, some people believe that the possession of nuclear weapons for deterrence is unnecessary, expensive and too risky. International security may be at risk with deterrent nukes waiting to be fired at any moments notice. An accident could create a misfire hurting millions of people. A computer could have an error either launching a missile or reporting incoming missiles. If an incoming missile were reported, tracking stations would be instantly contacted to verify the report. The situation is determined in only one minute and a half (Hartinger). The chance of a nuclear weapon accidentally being fired is very unlikely. At nuclear command centers, there are no buttons to accidentally push or chances of computer errors (Walsh 45). An accident cannot occur because only a person can sequence a launch. The President is the only man who can initiate a nuclear launch in the United States. After the Presidents decision, there is a complex procedure of authorization codes and key turning to finally launch the nuclear weapon ... ...num=2&catid=106&UpFront=true>. "Nuclear Transportation Frequently Asked Questions." American Nuclear Society. <http://www.ans.org/pi/faq/transport.html>. "OECD: Electricity production, share of nuclear [2000]." 21 November 2002. Stockholm School of Economics. <http://www.hhs.se/personal/suzuki/o-English/ee05.html>. "Table of US Nuclear Warheads." Natural Resources Defense Council. 11/25/02. <http://www.nrdc.org/nuclear/nudb/datab9.asp>. "Transportation of Spent Nuclear Fuel." Department of Energy, Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management. <http://www.rw.doe.gov/progdocs/facts/transfct/transfct.htm>. "USSTRATCOM Command Center." United States Strategic Command. Dec. 18, 2002. <http://www.stratcom.af.mil/factsheetshtml/commandctr.htm>. Walsh, Edward A. "Nuclear War Will Not Occur". Nuclear War: Opposing Viewpoints. Greenhaven Press, 1985.